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As part of an emerging field of films documenting the obstacles faced by sexual minorities fleeing persecution and seeking political asylum, the film Getting Out documents both the persecution of sexual minorities in Uganda and the obstacles individuals face in their attempts to get political asylum in South Africa. Using the film as a springboard, we assess the larger issues of recognition, visibility, hypervisibility, and performativity in encounters between sexual minorities, their advocates, and political asylum officials. The rhetorical power of Getting Out lies in its performative staging of LGBTQI asylum seekers’ navigation of often competing cultural and legal logics on sexuality. The film calls attention to profound contradictions in the political asylum system for sexual minorities and for any others who challenge the normativity of a social group.

The article is based on extended ethnography with people who have claimed asylum in the UK on the grounds of their sexual orientation. This migrant group negotiates their sexual and gender identities across cultural constructions of gender liminality that do not match the repertoires of western sexual identifications. On the one hand I pose the question: How do religious non-heteronormative refugees situate themselves within broader discourses of progress, particularly when confronted with the legal framework? On the other hand I ask: What role do western temporal categories of progress and backwardness play when the migrant seeks to stake a claim to subject-status in the current UK social world?

Canadian media coverage of sexual orientation and gendered identity (SOGI) refugees presents a relatively uniform story of these queer newcomers. While LGBT media have identified problems in some Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) decisions, the hegemonic narrative remains one of ‘migration to liberation nation’. In this article I argue that this hegemonic narrative is produced in relation to particular socio-cultural and juridical-legal categories which are themselves historically produced in and through the bureaucratic machinery of the state, human rights organizations, and some legal scholarship. The effect of this model narrative is to reinscribe what Ahmed (2010) calls the ‘happy migrant’, that is, someone who espouses national ideals which are couched in terms of empire, the new twist being that sexual diversity is now held aloft as justification of empire’s liberation from abjection. Based on interviews with SOGI refugee claimants in Toronto.

This article argues that the essays in the special issue on ‘Queer Migration, Asylum and Displacement’ collectively problematize how official identity categories trouble, and are troubled by, queer and asylum-seeking migrants. It discusses the future research and activist possibilities that these essays open up.

Using the ethnographic data from interviews with the Iranian queer and transgender refugee applicants in Turkey, the UNHCR, and NGOs in Istanbul, Ankara, Denizli, Kayseri, and Nevsehir, I explore the way that refugee rights as a temporally and spatially contingent concept normalizes queer and transgender refugee subjects, while managing the lives and deaths of different populations. Through examining the chronopolitics and geopolitics of rights within the refugee discourse, I point to inconsistencies in the universality of human rights and argue that while the designation of an act as “violation of human rights” committed by states or citizens, is arbitrary and contingent on the place and time of the act, the recognition of the refugee in the human rights regimes relies on essentialist and timeless notions of identity that travel in the teleological time of progress. The Iranian queer and trans refugees in Turkey are suspended in an in-between zone of recognition where rightfulness and rightlessness come together in a temporal standstill. The “protection” of trans and queer refugees under the rhetoric of rights in this in-between zone is tied to the management of life and death of populations through the politics of rightful killing.

URTEIL DES GERICHTSHOFS (Große Kammer)

2. Dezember 2014

„Vorlage zur Vorabentscheidung — Raum der Freiheit, der Sicherheit und des Rechts — Richtlinie 2004/83/EG — Mindestnormen für die Zuerkennung der Flüchtlingseigenschaft oder des subsidiären Schutzstatus — Art. 4 — Prüfung der Ereignisse und Umstände — Art und Weise der Prüfung — Zulassung bestimmter Beweise — Umfang der Befugnisse der zuständigen nationalen Behörden — Furcht vor Verfolgung wegen der sexuellen Ausrichtung — Unterschiede zwischen den Grenzen für die Prüfung der Aussagen und Unterlagen oder sonstigen Beweise zur behaupteten sexuellen Ausrichtung eines Asylbewerbers und den Grenzen für die Prüfung dieser Anhaltspunkte bei anderen Verfolgungsgründen — Richtlinie 2005/85/EG — Mindestnormen für Verfahren in den Mitgliedstaaten zur Zuerkennung und Aberkennung der Flüchtlingseigenschaft — Art. 13 — Anforderungen an die persönliche Anhörung — Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union — Art. 1 — Würde des Menschen — Art. 7 — Achtung des Privat- und Familienlebens“

Individuals claiming persecution on the basis of gender or as sexual minorities have faced many obstacles in the political asylum process including additional burdens of proof of identity and of persecution. Based on our own work with political asylum applicants, on legal reports, and on reports by groups providing assistance to asylum seekers, we review the law and the obstacles and consider the conditions underlying and supporting suspicion of the applicants. We observe how particular narratives are rendered untellable in the interrogation process and how the identities of sexual minorities become either invisible or hypervisible.

This article describes patterns of interpretation and practice of same-sex desires pre- and post-migration among self-identified gay and bisexual Mexican immigrant men to the USA. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 80 such men, we argue that, contrary to stereotypes, their pre-migration interpretations and practices are considerably diverse and not solely informed by highly gendered understandings and styles of sexual interaction between men. After migration, some shift their interpretations and practices considerably, while others retain those that informed their sexualities pre-migration, either adapting them to their new sexual contexts or resisting any changes. These findings, which reveal the complexity and diversity of sexual interpretations among immigrant gay and bisexual men, pose a challenge to proposed systems of classifying same-sex desires as well as to conventional understandings of the impact of international migration on gay sexuality.

Im Rahmen der feministischen Theoriebildung zum Konzept der Intersektionalität, definiert als die Verwobenheit oder Überlagerung hierarchisch angeordneter Achsen der Differenz, wird die „klassische Triade“ von „Rasse“, Klasse und Geschlecht zunehmend um weitere Dimensionen soziokultureller und ökonomischer Ungleichheit ergänzt, darunter auch um die Dimension der sexuellen Orientierung. Zeitgenössische Paradigmen der Intersektionalität unterscheiden sich vor allem im Hinblick auf die Anzahl der Achsen, die für relevant erachtet werden (Anthias 2001; Klinger 2003; Knapp 2005; Lutz und Wenning 2001). Sexuelle Orientierung wird mittlerweile relativ regelmäßig miteinbezogen; Heteronormativität wiederum wird in immer stärkerem Maße als wichtige Dimension der meisten Geschlechterregime erkannt.